Solar adaptive optics systems for the New Vacuum Solar Telescope at the Fuxian Lake Solar Observatory

Adaptive optics (AO) is essential for high-quality ground-based observations with large telescopes because it counters the impact of wavefront aberrations caused by atmospheric turbulence. The new vacuum solar telescope（NVST） is one of the most important high-resolution solar observation instruments in the world. Three sets of solar adaptive optics systems have been developed and installed on this telescope: conventional adaptive optics, ground layer adaptive optics, and multi-conjugate adaptive optics. These have been in operation from 2018 to 2023. This paper details the development and application of solar adaptive optics on the NVST and discusses the newest instrumentation.