Figures of the Article

• The different architectures of CAO, GLAO, and MCAO.
• The development of solar adaptive optics at the Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
• Schematic diagram showing the configuration of the NVST.
• The optical path of the adaptive optics systems at the NVST.
• Arrangement of the sub-apertures and sub-images of sunspots for the three WFSs.
• The surface errors after self-flattening of the DM₂ and DM₃.
• Hardware architecture of the RTC in the adaptive optics systems.
• Soft real-time control system in operation.
• Observational results of simulated granulation after the integration of the MCAO system at NVST.
• The solar active observation results on February 5, 2023.