Storing, processing, and transmitting state confidential information are strictly prohibited on this website
Ding Chunyu, Feng Jianqing, Zheng Lei, Dai Shun, Xing Shuguo, Xiao Yuan, Su Yan. A Review of Applications of Radar-Detection Techniques in Lunar Explorations[J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2015, 12(2): 228-242.
Citation: Ding Chunyu, Feng Jianqing, Zheng Lei, Dai Shun, Xing Shuguo, Xiao Yuan, Su Yan. A Review of Applications of Radar-Detection Techniques in Lunar Explorations[J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2015, 12(2): 228-242.

A Review of Applications of Radar-Detection Techniques in Lunar Explorations

More Information
  • Received Date: May 22, 2014
  • Revised Date: June 18, 2014
  • Published Date: April 14, 2015
  • Fruitful scientific results have been obtained in lunar explorations by using radar techniques. Usages of radars in lunar explorations include probing the lunar topography, inversely deriving data of lunar regolith thickness, probing lunar subsurface structures, and searching for lunar ice/water. In this paper we review some scientific results in domestic and foreign lunar explorations using radars. Our review covers studies of different detection methods and scientific purposes. Recently China successfully launched the 'Chang-E 3' lunar probe with the Lunar Penetrating Radar (LPR) as one of its important payloads. The scientific purposes of the LPR are to explore lunar subsurface structures and to measure thickness values and structures of lunar regolith. Our review particularly introduces the working principle and key-parameter values of the LPR.
  • [1]
    欧阳自远. 月球科学概论[M]. 北京: 中国宇航出版社, 2005: 151-251.
    [2]
    郑伟, 许厚泽, 钟敏, 等. 月球探测计划研究进展[J]. 地球物理学进展, 2012, 27(6): 2296-2307. Zheng Wei, Xu Houze, Zhong Min, et al. Progress in international lunar exploration programs[J]. Progress in Geophysics, 2012, 27(6): 2296-2307.
    [3]
    Nielsen E. Mars express and MARSIS[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2004, 111(1-2): 245-262.
    [4]
    Picardi G, Plaut J J, Biccari D, et al. Radar soundings of the subsurface of Mars[J]. Science, 2005, 310(5756): 1925-1928.
    [5]
    Seu R, Biccari D, Cartacci M, et al. The SHAllow RADar (SHARAD) experiment, a subsurface sounding radar for MRO[J]. Memorie della Società Astronomica Italiana Supplement, 2007, 11: 26-36.
    [6]
    Evans J V. Radio echo studies of the moon[M]. New York: Academic Press, 1962: 429-479.
    [7]
    Phillips R J, Adams G F, Brown Jr W E, et al. The Apollo 17 lunar sounder[C]//Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference. 1973: 2821-2831.
    [8]
    郑磊, 苏彦, 郑永春, 等. 地基雷达技术及其在太阳系天体探测中的应用[J]. 天文学进展, 2009, 27(4): 373-382. Zheng Lei, Sun Yan, Zheng Yongchun, et al. Ground-based radar and its applications in remote sensing of the solar system planets[J]. Progress in Astronomy, 2009, 27(4): 373-382.
    [9]
    郑磊. 地基雷达对月成像数据处理方法研究[D]. 北京: 中国科学院国家天文台, 2011.
    [10]
    Porcello L J, Jordan R L, Zelenka J S, et al. The Apollo lunar sounder radar system[J]. Proceedings of the IEEE, 1974, 62(6): 769-783.
    [11]
    Ono T, Oya H. Lunar Radar Sounder (LRS) experiment on-board the SELENE spacecraft[J]. Earth Planets and Space, 2000, 52(9): 629-638.
    [12]
    Spudis P D, Nozette S, Bussey B, et al. Mini-SAR: an imaging radar experiment for the Chandrayaan-1 mission to the Moon[J]. Current Science, 2009, 96(4): 533-539.
    [13]
    Nozette S, Spudis P D, Bussey B, et al. The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter miniature radio frequency (Mini-RF) technology demonstration[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2010, 150(1-4): 285-302.
    [14]
    郑永春, 邹永廖, 付晓辉. 月亮女神探月计划的有效载荷与科学探测综述[J]. 航天器工程, 2011, 20(3): 108-119. Zheng Yongchun, Zou Yongliao, Fu Xiaohui. Summary of SELENE lunar mission: scientific instruments and their results[J]. Spacecraft Engineering, 2011, 20(3): 108-119.
    [15]
    Bussey D B J, Carter L M, Spudis P, et al. Mini-RF: imaging radars for exploring the Moon[C]//NLSI Lunar Science Conference. 2008: 2083-2084.
    [16]
    Carter L M, Neish C D, Patterson G W, et al. The Mini-RF radar: polarization performance and comparison with prior radar data [C]//45th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held 17-21 March, 2014 at The Woodlands, Texas. 2014: 2152-2153.
    [17]
    Nozette S, Lichtenberg C L, Spudis P D, et al. Clementine bi-static radar experiment: preliminary results[J]. Lunar and Planetary Science, 1996, 27: 967.
    [18]
    Fang Guangyou, Zhou Bin, Ji Yicai, et al. Lunar Penetrating Radar onboard the Chang'e-3 mission[J]. Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2014, 14(12): 1607-1622.
    [19]
    Thompson T W. Atlas of lunar radar maps at 70-cm wavelength[J]. The Moon, 1974, 10(1): 51-85.
    [20]
    Schaber G G, Thompson T W, Zisk S H. Lava flows in Mare Imbrium: an evaluation of anomalously low Earth-based radar reflectivity[J]. The Moon, 1975, 13(4): 395-423.
    [21]
    Schubert G, Lingenfelter R E, Terrile R J. Crater evolutionary tracks[J]. Icarus, 1977, 32(2): 131-146.
    [22]
    Allen C C. Prospecting for lunar resources with global geochemical and multispectral data[J]. New Views of the Moon Ⅱ, 1999: 1-2.
    [23]
    Sharpe B L, Schrunk D G. Malapert mountain: gateway to the moon[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2003, 31(11): 2467-2472.
    [24]
    Thompson T. A review of Earth-based radar mapping of the Moon[J]. The Moon and the Planets, 1979, 20(2): 179-198.
    [25]
    Margot J L, Campbell D B, Jurgens R F, et al. Topography of the lunar poles from radar interferometry: a survey of cold trap locations[J]. Science, 1999, 284(5420): 1658-1660.
    [26]
    Vondrak R, Keller J, Chin G, et al. Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): observations for lunar exploration and science[J]. Space Science Reviews, 2010, 150(1-4): 7-22.
    [27]
    Kirk R L, Cook D, Howington-Kraus E, et al. Radargrammetry with Chandrayaan-1 and LRO Mini-RF image of the Moon: controlled mosaics and digital topographic models[C]//41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, held March 1-5, 2010 in The Woodlands, Texas. 2010: 2428-2429.
    [28]
    Vierinen J, Lehtinen M S. 32-cm wavelength radar mapping of the Moon[C]//Radar Conference, EuRAD 2009, European. 2009: 222-225
    [29]
    Strangway D W, Pearce G W, Olhoeft G R. Magnetic and dielectric properties of lunar samples[C]//The Soviet-American Conference on Cosmochemistry of the Moon and Planets: A Conference Held in Moscow, USSR, June 4-8, 1977. 1977: 417-431.
    [30]
    Shkuratov Y G, Bondarenko N V. Regolith layer thickness mapping of the Moon by radar and optical data[J]. Icarus, 2001, 149(2): 329-338.
    [31]
    Kobayashi T, Kim J H, Lee S R, et al. Simultaneous observation of lunar radar sounder and laser altimeter of Kaguya for lunar regolith layer thickness estimate[J]. Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters, IEEE, 2010, 7(3): 435-439.
    [32]
    Fa W, Wieczorek M A. Regolith thickness over the lunar nearside: results from Earth-based 70-cm Arecibo radar observations[J]. Icarus, 2012, 218(2): 771-787.
    [33]
    Campbell B A, Campbell D B, Margot J L, et al. Focused 70-cm wavelength radar mapping of the Moon[J]. Geoscience and Remote Sensing, IEEE Transactions on, 2007, 45(12): 4032-4042.
    [34]
    May T W, Peeples W J, Maxwell T, et al. Subsurface layering in maria serenitatis and crisium: Apollo lunar sounder results[C]//Abstracts of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. 1976: 540-542.
    [35]
    Ono T, Kumamoto A, Nakagawa H, et al. Lunar radar sounder observations of subsurface layers under the nearside maria of the Moon[J]. Science, 2009, 323(5916): 909-912.
    [36]
    张冬华, 张春华, 刘芮, 等. 基于 Mini-RF 雷达数据的月球水冰探测[J]. 国土资源遥感, 2014, 26(1): 110-114. Zhang Donghua, Zhang Chunhua, Liu Rui, et al. Detection of lunar water-ice with Mini-RF data[J]. Remote Sensing for Land & Resources, 2014, 26(1): 110-114.
    [37]
    Watson K, Murray B C, Brown H. The behavior of volatiles on the lunar surface[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1961, 66(9): 3033-3045.
    [38]
    Tsang L, Kong J A, Shin R T. Theory of microwave remote sensing[M]. New York: Wiley InterScience, 1985: 1-632.
    [39]
    Stacy N, Campbell D, Ford P. Arecibo radar mapping of the lunar poles: a search for ice deposits[J]. Science, 1997, 276(5318): 1527-1530.
    [40]
    Simpson R A, Tyler G L. Reanalysis of Clementine bistatic radar data from the lunar south pole[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets (1991-2012), 1999, 104(E2): 3845-3862.
    [41]
    Colaprete A, Schultz P, Heldmann J, et al. Detection of water in the LCROSS ejecta plume[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6003): 463-468.
    [42]
    Thomson B, Bussey D, Neish C, et al. An upper limit for ice in Shackleton crater as revealed by LRO Mini-RF orbital radar[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2012, 39(14): L14201-L14201.
    [43]
    Spudis P, Bussey D, Baloga S, et al. Evidence for water ice on the Moon: results for anomalous polar craters from the LRO Mini-RF imaging radar[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2013, 118(10): 2016-2029.
  • Articles Related

    [1]Hong Tiansheng, Su Yan, Wang Ruigang, Dai Shun, Liu Chendi, Li Chunlai. Overview of Mars Orbiter Subsurface Investigation Radar Data Processing Technology and Research Using Radar [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2021, 18(2): 173-194. DOI: 10.14005/j.cnki.issn1672-7673.20200817.003
    [2]Wang Ruigang, Su Yan, Hong Tiansheng, Dai Shun, Liu Chendi. A Review of Application of Surface Penetrating Radar in the Moon and Deep-space Exploration [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2020, 17(4): 492-512.
    [3]Zhang Jing, Liu Jianjun, Gao Xingye, Chen Zheng. Implementation and Application of the Lunar Exploration Simulation System [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2017, 14(4): 461-471.
    [4]Xiao Yuan, Su Yan, Dai Shun, Feng Jianqing, Ding Chunyu, Xing Shuguo, Li Chunlai. Overview of the Martian Subsurface Exploration and Research Using Radar [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2017, 14(2): 192-211.
    [5]Xing Shuguo, Su Yan, Feng Jianqing, Dai Shun, Xiao Yuan. Studies of Penetrating Depth of the Time Domain Pulse Radar Based on Correlation Coefficient Method [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2016, 13(3): 310-317.
    [6]Wang Yaming, Su Yan, Feng Jianqing, Dai Shun, Xing Shuguo, Xiao Yuan, Ding Chunyu. A Review of Lunar Polar Exploration [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2016, 13(3): 300-309.
    [7]Xing Shuguo, Su Yan. Studies and Simulations of Inversion Measurement of the Relative Permittivity of the Lunar Regolith Based on the Lunar Penetrating Radar of the Chang'E-3 [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2015, 12(3): 306-311.
    [8]YANG Peng-cui, SHI Hu-li, LI Sheng-ming. The Review of Space Debris Detection by the Ground Based Radar [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2007, 4(4): 320-326.
    [9]PING Jing-song, et al., . The Lunar Exploration and Lunar Science in the Coming Years [J]. Astronomical Research and Technology, 2003, 0(1): 119-125.
    [10]Bai Jinming, Nie Zhaoming, Jin Wenjing. Highly Accurate Prediction of the Position of A Retroreflector on the Lunar Disk [J]. Publications of the Yunnan Observatory, 1993, 0(3): 1-11. DOI: 10.14005/j.cnki.issn1672-7673.1993.03.001

Catalog

    Article views (352) PDF downloads (20) Cited by()

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return